The video discusses Hellenistic Greece, focusing on the era of Alexander the Great, who, despite being Macedonian, was a great admirer of Greek culture and spread it throughout his vast empire, which extended all the way to India. The video highlights the shift in art from the Classical Age to the Hellenistic Age, with the latter being more emotional and individualistic. This is exemplified in the depiction of Alexander himself, a break from the Greek tradition of not portraying real people. The video also discusses the dynamic and expressive nature of Hellenistic structures, such as the Pergamon Altar, and the emotional intensity of artworks like the Boxer, the Dying Gall, and the Laocoön. The Laocoön, in particular, is noted for its dynamic composition and the intense agony portrayed on the face of the high priest of Troy. The video concludes by emphasizing the importance of Greek culture in Western civilization.